UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒  ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE EXCHANGE ACT

Commission file number: 000-53704

WORKHORSE GROUP INC.

(Name of registrant as specified in its charter)

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE EXCHANGE ACT:

None

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE EXCHANGE ACT:

Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐     No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐     No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒     No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☐     No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐     No  ☒

As of June 30, 2015, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates was $19,245,820.

The number of shares of the Registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding as of March 25, 2016, was 22,371,669.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Forward-Looking Statements

The discussions in this Annual Report contain forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. When used in this Report, the words “anticipate”, expect”, “plan”, “believe”, “seek”, “estimate” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These are statements that relate to future periods and include, but are not limited to, statements about the features, benefits and performance of our products, our ability to introduce new product offerings and increase revenue from existing products, expected expenses including those related to selling and marketing, product development and general and administrative, our beliefs regarding the health and growth of the market for our products, anticipated increase in our customer base, expansion of our products functionalities, expected revenue levels and sources of revenue, expected impact, if any, of legal proceedings, the adequacy of liquidity and capital resource, and expected growth in business. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, market acceptance for our products, our ability to attract and retain customers for existing and new products, our ability to control our expenses, our ability to recruit and retain employees, legislation and government regulation, shifts in technology, global and local business conditions, our ability to effectively maintain and update our product and service portfolio, the strength of competitive offerings, the prices being charged by those competitors and the risks discussed elsewhere herein. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof. We expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based.

All references in this Form 10-K that refer to the “Company”, “WORKHORSE GROUP”, “Workhorse”, “we,” “us” or “our” are to WORKHORSE GROUP INC. and unless otherwise differentiated, its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Workhorse Technologies Inc. and Workhorse Motor Works Inc.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

We are a technology company that is focused on last mile delivery systems. We design, develop, manufacture and sell cost effective high-performance electric medium duty trucks and unmanned aerial delivery systems that are fully integrated with our electric vehicles. We believe our vehicles, engineering expertise, and business model differentiates us from other truck and drone manufacturers.

We recently developed Metron® which is a system that provides fleet operators ultimate energy and route efficiency while enabling them to monitor, control and update software remotely. We are also currently in the initial stages of developing a self-driving software to further differentiate us as the technology company with the most cost effective last mile delivery system in the marketplace.

After delivery and testing of 2 E-GEN pilot vehicles in 2015, we recently received an initial order from United Parcel Service for 125 E-GEN range-extended trucks and 18 E-100 all-electric trucks. As a result, we are in the process of implementing operations as an original equipment manufacturer.

On June 4, 2014, the Company entered into a Vehicle Purchase Agreement with United Parcel Service Inc. (“UPS”), pursuant to which the relationship by which the Company would sell vehicles to UPS was outlined. On August 7, 2015, the Company entered into a Prime Order under the Vehicle Purchase Agreement with UPS, pursuant to which UPS agreed to purchase 125 E-GEN trucks. Currently, the schedule agreed to with UPS for the Prime Order requires that we deliver the 125 units to 26 selected UPS facilities across 8 states over a six-month period. However, these deadlines are expected to evolve as UPS operations personnel from eight states will be involved in the scheduling.

Workhorse had previously entered into a purchase agreement with UPS to supply 18 all-electric Workhorse E-100 Walk-In Vans to be deployed in the Houston-Galveston, Texas area The U.S. Department of Energy selected this project to improve local air quality in the Houston-Galveston area, which is currently designated as a National Ambient Air Quality Non-Attainment Area. We continue regular deliveries of the E-100 vehicles with all deliveries to be completed by the beginning of the third quarter 2016.

We have filed a patent application for the system that extends the range of electric vehicles while reducing the overall cost of the typical battery-electric power train. The system, E-GEN^TM, is designed specifically for the package delivery vehicle market, in which the diesel and/or gasoline-powered vehicles in use now are required to stop and restart hundreds of times a day. Our E-GEN system incorporates a small internal combustion engine that powers an integrated electric motor as a generator when the battery pack reaches a pre-determined depth-of-discharge (DOD). The DOD is calculated based on projected route distance, package loads and electricity efficiency curves. The gas engine never propels the vehicle, its task is simple, automatically turn on in the event the battery needs a small re-charge. We believe that the range-extended battery-electric technology is an ideal fit for urban and suburban delivery routes, despite the typical fleet owner's concerns about range and cost. Our E-GEN Drive system will enable our customers to keep their batteries charged to a consistent state of charge throughout the day and, since we are able to use smaller battery packs, we can reduce the cost of the entire system. Our E-GEN trucks offer a three-year payback, making them price competitive with gasoline-powered trucks. As a result, we believe our new design has many benefits, including:

We believe the benefits of our new design also provide customers additional benefits, which include:

We have developed and begun delivery of our second generation, full-electric truck, “E-100”, which is a significant improvement over our first generation E-100 vehicle. The second-generation vehicle includes a single powerful electric motor with no transmission and lighter, high-density Lithium-ion batteries, giving the vehicle a range of up to 100 miles.

In March of 2013, we purchased the former Workhorse Custom Chassis assembly plant in Union City, Indiana from Navistar International (NAV: NYSE). With this acquisition, we acquired the capability to be an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) of Class 3-6 commercial-grade, medium-duty truck chassis, to be marketed under the Workhorse® brand.

Ownership and operation of this plant enables us to build new chassis with gross vehicle weight capacities of between 10,000 and 26,000 pounds. These chassis are our new 88”-track (W88) and include either of our two second-generation, battery-electric drive trains, both powered by Panasonic 18650 Li-ion cells. The W88 truck chassis is currently being offered to fleet purchasing managers at price points that are both attractive and cost competitive.

At the same time, we intend to partner with engine suppliers and body fabricators to offer fleet-specific, custom, purpose-built chassis that provide total cost of ownership solutions that are superior to the competition.

In addition to having the ability to build our own chassis, we design and produce battery-electric power trains that can be installed in new Workhorse chassis or installed as repower packages to convert used Class 3-6 medium-duty vehicles from diesel or gasoline power to electric power. Our approach is to provide battery-electric power trains utilizing proven, automotive-grade, mass-produced parts in their architectures, coupled with in-house control software that we have developed over the last five years.

The Workhorse Custom Chassis acquisition provides other important assets including the Workhorse brand and logo, intellectual property, schematics, logistical support from Up-Time Parts (a Navistar subsidiary) and, perhaps most importantly, a network of 400-plus sales and service outlets across North America. We believe the combination of our chassis assembly capability, coupled with its ability to offer an array of fuel choices, gives Workhorse a unique opportunity in the marketplace.

The Company is also seeking to re-design the future of parcel delivery aviation: HorseFly™, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) that is designed for the package delivery market as well as other commercial applications. Our UAV works in tandem with our electric trucks to bring a practical low cost solution to making the last mile more efficient and cost effective for our parcel customers. HorseFly™ is designed to further improve package delivery efficiencies and has been developed in conjunction with the University of Cincinnati, one of the country’s foremost educational institutions for drone research, and the FAA. Although the FAA rules governing the use of drones have not been finalized, we believe that HorseFly™ is built to comply with the nature of the FAA proposed rules.

Recent Developments

On August 7, 2015, the Company entered into a Prime Order under the Vehicle Purchase Agreement with UPS, pursuant to which UPS agreed to purchase 125 E-GEN trucks. In addition, Workhorse also received orders for two E-GEN vehicles from UPS for testing, which UPS received in early 2015. These vehicles were immediately put into service and remain in service by UPS in Roswell GA.

Workhorse had previously entered into a purchase agreement with UPS to supply 18 all-electric Workhorse E-100 Walk-In Vans to be deployed in the Houston-Galveston, Texas area The U.S. Department of Energy selected this project to improve local air quality in the Houston-Galveston area, which is currently designated as a National Ambient Air Quality Non-Attainment Area. We continue regular deliveries of the E-100 vehicles with all deliveries to be completed by the beginning of the third quarter 2016.

Currently, the schedule agreed to with UPS for the Prime Order requires that we deliver the 125 units to 26 selected UPS facilities across eight states over a six-month period. However, these deadlines are expected to evolve as UPS operations personnel from eight states will be involved in the scheduling. There is no guarantee that the Company will be able to perform under the Prime Order or the E-100 order and, if it does perform, that UPS will purchase additional vehicles from the Company. Further, if the Company is not able to raise the required capital, including to purchase required parts and pay certain vendors, the Company may not be able to comply with UPS’s deadlines.

The Company responded on March 6, 2015 to a Request for Information and Prequalification (RFI) from the United States Postal Service (USPS) for its Next Generation Delivery Vehicle (NGDV) Acquisition Program. The USPS anticipates making a single award in 2017 to a supplier for up to 180,000 NGDVs to replace its current fleet of mail delivery vehicles. Delivery of the NGDVs to the USPS is expected to begin in 2018. On April 14, 2015, the USPS notified Workhorse that it had advanced in the NGDV Acquisition Program as a prequalified supplier. Workhorse partnered with another pre-qualified supplier to design and build the body and the joint response to the USPS NGDV RFP was delivered by the USPS deadline of February 5, 2016. On March 18, 2016, Workhorse and our body builder partner attended by invitation from the USPS a meeting to present our RFP response and respond to questions. Additionally, proposal revisions incorporating these responses, or other changes proposed, are required for final evaluation of the Postal Service and must be submitted in writing to the Contracting Officer via email no later than 10:00AM, Monday, March 28, 2016. Nine (9) hard copies of the revision volume are also required and must be submitted and received by 12:00PM, Tuesday, March 29, 2016. 

On November 6, 2015 Workhorse was informed by The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) that Workhorse had been granted a Section 333 request for exemption, Exemption No. 13564; Regulatory Docket No. FAA-2015-3055. Workhorse’s request for exemption is to operate an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) to conduct research and development for the Horse Fly package delivery system. In accordance with the statutory criteria provided in Section 333 of Public Law 112−95 in reference to 49 U.S.C. § 44704, and in consideration of the size, weight, speed, and limited operating area associated with the aircraft and its operation, the Secretary of Transportation has determined that this aircraft meets the conditions of Section 333. Therefore, the FAA finds that relief from 14 CFR part 21, Certification procedures for products and parts, Subpart H—Airworthiness Certificates, and any associated noise certification and testing requirements of part 36, is not necessary.

Since receiving our Section 333 exemption, we continue to perform live tests of package deliveries using our HorseFly UAS Delivery drone and our Workhorse electric trucks. These tests have taken place at multiple US locations, including the Federal Aviation Administration’s unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) research and test site in Texas, as well as test sites in Southwest Ohio.

Prior to receiving the Section 333 exemption Workhorse was granted a Certificate of Authorization (COA) by The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to the Ohio/Indiana UAS Center and Test Complex, allowing Workhorse and the University of Cincinnati (UC) to continue their joint development of Workhorse Group's HorseFly™ UAS, which is designed to fly to and from a standard delivery vehicle. Testing of HorseFly will take place at the Wilmington Air Park in Wilmington, OH. Collaboration between the UC's College of Engineering and Applied Science and the Ohio/Indiana UAS Center led to sponsorship for the two-year FAA authorization from the Ohio State Department of Transportation in addition to priority access to Wilmington Air Park.

Our Products

Trucks:

Powertrain:

E-GEN

In January of 2014, the Company submitted a patent application for a new drive system. This revolutionary design is a range-extended electric drive system that we call the E-GEN. This system is an electric drive, transmission-free system that has a gasoline engine that functions as an auxiliary generator. The generator only runs when the battery pack falls below a pre-determined depth-of-discharge (DOD) based on the delivery profile associated to the specific route. The DOD is calculated based on projected route distance, package loads and electricity efficiency curves. The gas engine never propels the vehicle—its task is simple, automatically turn on in the event the battery needs a small re-charge. This system combines battery-electric propulsion with a low-horsepower, fossil fuel generator to produce a vehicle that gets up to four times the miles per gallon of its conventional counterpart, thus providing the fleet operator with a solution that has a three-year payback without any government incentives. We believe that this is the ideal solution for the domestic package delivery fleet operators as well as other specialized markets (i.e. shuttle, school, public transportation buses, and specialty-use vehicles). We are currently working with the California Air Resource Board (CARB) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to get approval for this design so it can qualify for governmental incentives. 

Our approach to the commercial market is to provide alternative-fueled chassis at competitive prices that are as reliable and consistent, in all aspects, as the Navistar chassis that last rolled off the line in the last quarter of 2012. Our sales strategy targets the Top Fleet Buyers. We have restored purchasing arrangements with key parts suppliers, forged an arrangement for logistics support with UpTime Parts, Inc. and structured an engine pre-development and supply agreement. We have historically sourced multi-fuel engines that function as generators from Power Solutions International (NASDAQ:PSIX). We are currently in discussions with other engine suppliers and may seek to source engines from other sources in the future.

We are focused on the extended range electric E-GEN solution since it offers the customer a solution that provides answers to their key concerns with electric vehicles (i.e. range issues in cold weather, peak season requirements, infrastructure costs, and “what are my options if there is a power outage?”).

E-100

Our E-100 all-electric, medium-duty truck is the second generation full electric power-train that is a significant improvement to our first generation. It includes a single electric motor with no transmission and new lighter, high-density Lithium Ion batteries giving it a range of up to 100 miles. This application has received California Air Resources Board approval for sale in California and is now on the California HVIP list and eligible for incentive purchase. Additionally, we are also approved in New York under the NYSERDA Program and approved for both new trucks and repowers under the Drive Clean Chicago incentive program.

Chassis:

W88

The new W88 chassis is designed to meet the needs of a wide range of customers. At the same time, it is a universal chassis from an operations perspective. We believe that this chassis will be the workhorse of our product offerings. We expect to offer this chassis with gross vehicle weight GVW ratings of 10,000 to 26,000 pounds. It will also be offered with drive train and fuel systems ranging from all-electric, extended range electric EREV utilizing gasoline, propane or CNG, PSI gasoline 6-liter engine, propane, and CNG.

W22

The W22 chassis is designed to meet the needs of the recreational vehicle market for weight ratings up to 26,000 GVW. It has been in the marketplace for over 10 years and is well-proven for this application. We will offer this chassis with the PSI 8.8 Liter engine.

W42

The W42 chassis is designed for the 12,000 to 14,500 GVW vehicle market. Like the W22 it has been in the marketplace for over 10 years and is well-regarded.

W62

The W62 chassis is designed for the 19,500 to 23,500 GVW vehicle market. Like the W22 and W42 it has been in the marketplace for over 10 years and is also well-proven.

Applications:

Commercial Step Vans

Package Delivery Industry: Approximately 80% of the vehicles in this segment operate on a fixed route and travel fewer than 100 miles per day, stop more than 100 times within an average duty cycle of eight to ten hours, and return to an indoor distribution center. The best examples include: UPS, FEDEX, FEDEX Ground, DHL, and Purolator.

Product Delivery Industry: Approximately 70% of the vehicles in this segment operate on a fixed route and travel fewer than 100 miles per day, stop between 50 and 100 times within an average duty cycle of eight to ten hours, and return to a distribution center that is either indoors, or the vehicles are stored at the dock, or in an outdoor lot adjacent to the distribution facility. Examples are: Frito-Lay, Pepsi, Coke, Aramark, Bimbo Bakeries, Peapod, and other grocery delivery services.

Laundry and Uniform Service Industry: Approximately 60% of the vehicles in this segment operate on a fixed route and travel approximately 100 miles per day, stop between 30 and 50 times within an average duty cycle of eight to ten hours, and return to a laundry facility where the vehicles are stored outside the facility. Cintas, Aramark, UniFirst, and Diaper Service are examples.

Food Service Industry: Approximately 80% of the vehicles in this segment operate on a fixed route and travel approximately 100 miles per day stopping between 10 and 30 times within an average duty cycle of eight to ten hours. They return to a commissary facility where the vehicles are stored outside the facility and serviced at this common facility. Food trucks fall into this category.

Utility Industry: The route that these vehicles follow is dependent on the utility and the energy company’s territory. Some utilities, for example, are captive to a county or surrounding counties of one large metro area. This model is ideal for a segment of the fleet to be all electric utility vehicles. For the utilities that cover the entire state or even multiple states, CNG, or Hybrid CNG/Electric vehicles are required.

Special Use Industry: This segment basically consists of what is not already mentioned. SWAT, Warehouse on Wheels i.e. Snap-on-Tools, HVAC, Plumbers, and other service applications that require a large cube storage vehicle fit into this category.

Medium Duty Buses

The next segment that we believe will have significant volume potential for us is the medium duty bus (108”H x 95.5 W x 247”to 286” L) Para-Transit, Shuttle and School Buses are part of this segment. We are able to offer alternative fuel solutions, as well as innovative E-GEN EREV solutions combined with the Workhorse chassis we believe that this market segment has tremendous potential.

Special Use Vehicles

The special use vehicle segment includes emergency vehicles, wreckers, construction equipment, communications equipment and military base application. This segment is similar to Medium-duty buses in terms of volume potential.

Recreational Vehicles

The final segment that we believe will have significant volume potential for us is the Class 5 and 6 RV chassis market. We believe that the right combination of drive system and Workhorse chassis has the potential to capture a significant portion of the market. Currently, RV manufacturers only have one option if they want to purchase a class 5 or 6 gasoline chassis for an RV application.

The data provided above is based on internal company research of the industry. Based on such data, we calculate that the current number of commercial step vans in use in the US is approximately 300,000 units. Today, we believe between 3% and 4% are replaced with new vehicles every year. We believe a number of the larger fleets that effectively utilize commercial step vans replace vehicles at a rate closer to 7% per year. 

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles:

HorseFly™ Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is designed for the package delivery market as well as other commercial applications.

We partnered with The University of Cincinnati’s Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics to develop HorseFly. We believe our unique HorseFly line of drones is designed to be the ‘last mile’ solution in delivery logistics. We worked with the University of Cincinnati to develop the HorseFly to meet the rigors of package delivery and to have eight rotors and redundant systems to ensure safety in the air. Today, we estimate that it costs approximately $1 to move a 20,000-pound diesel-powered truck one mile. While we believe our Workhorse trucks can reduce the standard delivery costs from $1 to less than $0.30 cents per mile based on current costs of fuel, we expect that having drones handle the last leg of delivery could further potentially reduce the cost to about $0.03 for the last mile. The all-weather HorseFly battery-powered drone will carry up to 10 pounds of cargo with a 15-mile range. Although the FAA rules governing the use of drones have not been finalized, we believe the HorseFly™ is built to comply with the nature of the FAA proposed rules. The HorseFly™ is differentiated from other drones as it is designed to work in tandem with a Workhorse electric truck. HorseFly will deliver packages, loaded on-route by the truck's driver, to remote locations while the driver continues on the main delivery route. HorseFly will then rejoin the truck at its new location after its delivery is completed, saving the fleet operator much of the time and fuel cost of the last, most expensive, mile. Also, while the HorseFly is atop the Workhorse truck, it can quickly charge its batteries from the truck's large battery pack. We believe this implementation is superior to the proposed deployment of other delivery drones wherein the package is loaded at a distant warehouse and the drone must make a round trip flight to the delivery address and back to the warehouse. Other applications for the HorseFly include transmission line inspections and agricultural surveys.

Summary graph of how UAV delivery works follows:

Technology

Batteries Are Key

The battery pack is key to the design, development, and manufacture of advanced electric-vehicle power trains. Where some other EV manufacturers purchase their batteries in a plug-and-play pack, we build our own battery packs. This keeps the intellectual property related to the design and production of the pack in-house and avoids the issues that occur when a battery supplier fails. And it also enables us to pay less for our batteries and pack than do our competitors thus our all-electric truck is less expensive than competitive vehicles. We use the Panasonic or LG Chem 18650 cells and design the pack around these commodity cells.

In-House Software Development is Essential

Our power trains encompass the complete motor assemblies, computers, and software required for vehicle electrification. We use off-the-shelf, proven components and combine them with our proprietary software.

Innovation is the Future

Additionally, we have developed a cloud-based, remote management system to manage and track the performance of all of the vehicles that we deploy in order to provide a 21st Century solution for fleet managers.

The telematics system and associated hardware installed the Workhorse vehicles is designed to monitor the CAN network traffic for specific signals. These signals are uploaded along with GPS data to a Workhorse server facility where the data signals are tracked at ten (10) second intervals while driving and during the E-GEN electricity generating process and at sixty (60) seconds during a plug-in charge. The real-time data is stored in a database as it arrives and delivers updates to clients connected through the web interface.

Clients are given login credentials (username and password) to the telematics website where they can monitor the performance and location of the vehicles. Group privileges can be configured to limit access to client-specific vehicles securing the vehicle data so clients can only view their vehicle data. Administrator privileges allow all data for all clients to be monitored and viewed.

As a parameter-based system, we can set route-specific parameters to better manage the battery-provided power with the additional power generated through the E-GEN process (not applicable to E-100). In an upcoming release, we will add the ability to integrate Metron Telematics with the client’s internal telematics system and automatically update the parameters each day with information about the route. This enhancement will result in a “SMART-GEN” vehicle that will maximize efficiency by automating the process to determine the ideal times and locations to use the E-GEN to add electricity to the batteries.

Locations and Facilities

Our company headquarters and R & D facility is located at 100 Commerce Drive, Loveland, Ohio, a Cincinnati suburb. We occupy a 30,000 sq. ft. facility that allows for the manufacture of 1,000 electric power train kits per year. Power trains will be delivered to the Workhorse facility in Indiana or shipped to our dealer network for onsite installation in conversion vehicles.

Workhorse Group Inc. Location

Our truck assembly facility is located in Union City, Indiana. This facility consists of three buildings with 270,000 square feet of manufacturing and office space on 46 acres.

Workhorse Facility

In March of 2013, we purchased the former Workhorse Custom Chassis assembly plant in Union City, Indiana. With this acquisition, we became an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) of Class 3-6 commercial-grade, medium-duty truck chassis to be marketed under the Workhorse® brand.

Ownership and operation of this plant enables us to build new chassis with gross vehicle weight capacity of between 10,000 and 26,000 pounds and to offer them in four different fuel variants—electric, gas, propane, and CNG. We plan to offer well- known Workhorse chassis as well as a new, 88” track W88 truck chassis that will be offered to fleet purchasing managers at price points that are both attractive and cost competitive.

At the same time, the Company intends to partner with engine suppliers and body fabricators to offer fleet-specific, custom, purpose-built chassis that provide total cost of ownership solutions that are superior to the competition.

In addition to building our own chassis, we design and produce battery-electric power trains that can be installed in new Workhorse chassis or installed as repower packages to convert used Class 3-6 medium-duty vehicles from diesel or gasoline power to electric power. Our approach is to provide battery-electric power trains utilizes proven, automotive-grade, mass-produced parts in its architecture coupled with in-house control software that it has developed over the last five years.

The Workhorse Custom Chassis acquisition includes other important assets including the Workhorse brand and logo, intellectual property, schematics, logistical support from UpTime Parts (a Navistar subsidiary) and, perhaps most importantly, a network of 400 plus sales and service outlets across North America. We believe the combination of Workhorse’s chassis assembly capability, coupled with its ability to offer an array of fuel choices, gives Workhorse a unique opportunity in the marketplace.

Marketing

Our sales team is focused on a targeted list of high profile, former purchasers, and current buyers of the Workhorse chassis with the goal of securing purchase orders from these companies. These purchase orders will give us the first look at next year’s chassis demand related to electric and extended range electric vehicles.

Our priority is to establish the commercial step van as our core business. We intend to be the best choice for a vehicle in this segment regardless of the fuel type that the customer chooses. Our sales plan is to meet with the top potential customers and obtain purchase orders for new electric and extended range electric vehicles for their production vehicle requirements.

Finally, since our competitive advantage in the marketplace is our ability to provide purpose-built solutions to customers that have unique requirements at relatively low-volume, we have submitted proposals to companies for purpose-built vehicle applications.

Strategic Relationships

Panasonic: Workhorse Group has signed an agreement with the rechargeable battery division of Panasonic Industrial Devices Sales Co. of America for the supply of “18650” cylindrical Panasonic lithium-ion batteries for Workhorse’s battery-electric, medium-duty trucks.

Morgan Olsen, Utilimaster, ECO, and other up-fitters or body fabricators: All of these companies build bodies customized for the needs of their customers and mated to chassis that are available to them from the short list of chassis suppliers. The functionality and configuration the end-user receives in the finished product is limited by the available chassis/powertrain. Workhorse will work with these organizations to provide chassis that not only best fit the needs of the end user customer but also provide the customer with a competitive advantage in their specific industry or application.

Research and Development

The majority of our research and development is conducted in-house at our facilities near Cincinnati, Ohio. Additionally, we contract with engineering firms to assist with validation and certification requirements as well as specific vehicle integration tasks.

Competitive Companies

The medium-duty commercial vehicle market is highly competitive and we expect it to become even more so in the future as additional companies launch competing vehicle offerings. The medium-duty commercial alternatively fueled vehicle market, however, is less developed and competitive. There are two primary competitors in the medium-duty vehicle segment in the US market:  Ford and Freightliner.  Neither has disclosed any plans to offer 100% EV or EREV vehicles in this segment. Ford is vertically integrated building a complete vehicle or chassis including Ford engine and transmission.  They provide a chassis as a strip-chassis (which is similar to the Workhorse product) or they provide it with a cab. Freightliner provides a chassis as a strip-chassis, which is similar to the Workhorse Truck chassis.

We believe the most dramatic difference between Workhorse and the other competitors in the medium duty truck market is our ability to offer customers purpose-built solutions that meet the needs of their unique requirements at a competitive price. While there are many electric car companies from abroad, there are only a few foreign companies that have vehicles in the category of medium-duty trucks.

We believe that the primary competitive factors within the medium-duty commercial vehicle market are:

GOVERNMENT REGULATION

Our electric vehicles are designed to comply with a significant number of governmental regulations and industry standards, some of which are evolving as new technologies are deployed. Government regulations regarding the manufacture, sale and implementation of products and systems similar to our electric vehicles are subject to future change. We cannot predict what impact, if any, such changes may have upon our business. We believe that our vehicles are in conformity with all applicable laws in all relevant jurisdictions. 

Emission and fuel economy standards

Government regulation related to climate change is under consideration at the U.S. federal and state levels. The EPA and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, or NHTSA, issued a final rule for greenhouse gas emissions and fuel economy requirements for trucks and heavy-duty engines on August 9, 2011, which will have an initial phase in starting with model year 2014 and a final phase in occurring in model year 2017. NHTSA standards for model year 2014 and 2015 will be voluntary, while mandatory standards will first come into effect in 2016.

The rule provides emission standards for CO2 and fuel consumption standards for three main categories of vehicles: (i) combination tractors, (ii) heavy-duty pickup trucks and vans and (iii) vocational vehicles. We believe that the Workhorse chassis would be considered “vocational vehicles" under the rule. According to the EPA and NHTSA, vocational vehicles consist of a wide variety of truck and bus types, including delivery, refuse, utility, dump, cement, transit bus, shuttle bus, school bus, emergency vehicles, motor homes and tow trucks, and are characterized by a complex build process, with an incomplete chassis often built with an engine and transmission purchased from other manufacturers, then sold to a body manufacturer.

The EPA and NHTSA rule also establishes multiple flexibility and incentive programs for manufacturers of alternatively fueled vehicles, such as the Workhorse E-100 full electric and the E-Gen Electric, including an engine averaging, banking and trading, or ABT, program, a vehicle ABT program and additional credit programs for early adoption of standards or deployment of advanced or innovative technologies. The ABT programs will allow for emission and/or fuel consumption credits to be averaged, banked or traded within defined groupings of the regulatory subcategories. The additional credit programs will allow manufacturers of engines and vehicles to be eligible to generate credits if they demonstrate improvements in excess of the standards established in the rule prior to the model year the standards become effective or if they introduce advanced or innovative technology engines or vehicles.

The Clean Air Act requires that we obtain a Certificate of Conformity issued by the EPA and a California Executive Order issued by CARB with respect to emissions for our vehicles. The Certificate of Conformity is required for vehicles sold in states covered by the Clean Air Act's standards and the Executive Order is required for vehicles sold in states that have sought and received a waiver from the EPA to utilize California standards. The California standards for emissions control for certain regulated pollutants for new vehicles and engines sold in California are set by CARB. States that have adopted the California standards as approved by EPA also recognize the Executive Order for sales of vehicles.

Manufacturers who sell vehicles in states covered by federal requirements under the Clean Air Act without a Certificate of Conformity may be subject to penalties of up to $37,500 per violation and be required to recall and remedy any vehicles sold with emissions in excess of Clean Air Act standards. In 2013, we received approval from CARB to sell the E-100 in California based on our own emissions tests.

Vehicle safety and testing

The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, or the Safety Act, regulates motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment in the United States in two primary ways. First, the Safety Act prohibits the sale in the United States of any new vehicle or equipment that does not conform to applicable motor vehicle safety standards established by NHTSA. Meeting or exceeding many safety standards is costly, in part because the standards tend to conflict with the need to reduce vehicle weight in order to meet emissions and fuel economy standards. Second, the Safety Act requires that defects related to motor vehicle safety be remedied through safety recall campaigns. A manufacturer is obligated to recall vehicles if it determines that the vehicles do not comply with a safety standard. Should we or NHTSA determine that either a safety defect or noncompliance exists with respect to any of our vehicles, the cost of such recall campaigns could be substantial.

Battery safety and testing

Our battery packs conform to mandatory regulations that govern transport of "dangerous goods," which includes lithium-ion batteries, which may present a risk in transportation. The governing regulations, which are issued by PHMSA, are based on the UN Recommendations on the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods Model Regulations, and related UN Manual of Tests and Criteria. The requirements for shipments of these goods vary by mode of transportation, such as ocean vessel, rail, truck and air.

Our battery module suppliers have completed the applicable transportation tests for our prototype and production battery packs demonstrating our compliance with the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, including:

Vehicle dealer and distribution regulation

Certain states' laws require motor vehicle manufacturers and dealers to be licensed in such states in order to conduct manufacturing and sales activities. To date, we are registered as both a motor vehicle manufacturer and dealer in Indiana and Ohio as well as a dealer in California and Chicago. We have not yet sought formal clarification of our ability to manufacture or sell our vehicles in any other states.

Intellectual Property

We have five pending trademark applications and nine issued trademark registrations (US and foreign). We also intend to pursue additional foreign trademark registrations. We have two pending non-provisional U.S. patent application, one pending provisional patent application, and six existing patents, two of which are design patents. We also plan to pursue appropriate foreign patent protection on those inventions, if available. The following is a summary of our patents:

Agreements

Momentum Dynamics and BARTA (Berks County Regional Transportation Authority)

On December 29, 2012, the Company entered into an Agreement with Momentum Dynamics to engineer, develop, and produce two development vehicles for BARTA in Reading, Pennsylvania. We are seeking to have this project generate the following: promote the use of the Company’s products for other similar applications i.e. rental car shuttle buses, motel and hotel shuttle buses, school buses, and other hospitality shuttle bus applications, network the Company’s products through the Momentum Dynamic sales channel, and promote the sale of those products to the Departments of Transportation throughout the US.

Navistar International Truck

In April of 2012 we signed a development agreement with Navistar International Truck. The scope of work for this project was to repower two 2004 vintage W1652 vehicles, which were originally produced by Navistar. Their customer, a large package delivery company, has an interest in repowering these vehicles with something other than the current diesel engine that is in this vehicle. Navistar was interested in working with them to repower these vehicles with either electric or some other fuel system. With electric being the most desirable if the customer’s price point could be met, the Company was subcontracted by Navistar to perform the electric repower, and in August of 2012 we delivered the first vehicle to Navistar. The vehicle passed their initial performance requirements which were based on their end customer’s specifications. In October 2012 Navistar turned the project over to us to work directly with them to provide a 100% electric repowered vehicle. Since that time, the Company has been working through the customer requirements and completed all stages of testing and durability.

Employees 

We currently have 13 full-time and two part-time employees located in Loveland, Ohio and two full-time and one part-time employees located in Union City, Indiana. We also contract for hire with approximately 17 outside consultants and contractors. Three of our employees are engaged in administrative aspects of our business and 15 are involved in research and development. Ten of our contractors are involved in research and development and seven are involved in administration.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our results of operations have not resulted in profitability and we may not be able to achieve profitability going forward.

We have incurred net losses amounting to $43.5 million for the period from inception (February 20, 2007) through December 31, 2015.  In addition, as of December 31, 2015, we had a working capital deficiency of $7.5 million.  We have had net losses in each quarter since our inception. We expect that we will continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including the other risks described in this report, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown events. Accordingly, we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Our management is developing plans to alleviate the negative trends and conditions described above and there is no guarantee that such plans will be successfully implemented.  Our business plan has changed from concentrating on the electric passenger vehicle market to the electric medium duty trucks, but is still unproven.  There is no assurance that even if we successfully implement our business plan, that we will be able to curtail our losses.  If we incur additional significant operating losses, our stock price may decline, perhaps significantly. 

The development of our business in the near future is contingent upon the implementation of a Prime Order from UPS for the purchase of 125 E-GENs and if the Company is unable to perform under the Prime Order, its business will be significantly impacted in a negative manner.

On June 4, 2014, the Company entered into a Vehicle Purchase Agreement with United Parcel Service Inc. (“UPS”) pursuant to which the relationship by which the Company would sell vehicles to UPS was outlined. On August 7, 2015, the Company entered into a Prime Order under the Vehicle Purchase Agreement with UPS pursuant to which UPS agreed to purchase 125 E-GEN trucks for a purchase price of $49,900 per truck. Currently, the schedule agreed to with UPS requires that we deliver 20 vehicles per month beginning in February 2016. However, these deadlines are expected to evolve as the UPS operations personnel from the seven states are involved in the scheduling. There is no guarantee that the Company will be able to perform under the Prime Order and if it does perform, that UPS will purchase additional vehicles from the Company. Further, if the Company is not able to raise the required capital to purchase required parts and pay certain vendors, the Company may not be able to comply with UPS’s deadlines. Accordingly, despite the receipt of the Prime Order from UPS, there is no guarantee, due to the Company’s financial constraints and status as a development stage corporation, that the Company will be able to deliver such vehicles or that it will receive additional orders whether from UPS or other potential customers.

If we are unable to perform under the Prime Order with UPS, the Company business will be significantly impacted in a negative manner.

We have yet to achieve positive cash flow and, given our projected funding needs, our ability to generate positive cash flow is uncertain.

We have had negative cash flow from operating activities of $8.2 million and $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. We anticipate that we will continue to have negative cash flow from operating and investing activities for the foreseeable future as we expect to incur increased research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses and make significant capital expenditures in our efforts to increase sales and commence operations at our Union City facility. Our business also will at times require significant amounts of working capital to support our growth, particularly as we acquire inventory to support our anticipated increase in production. An inability to generate positive cash flow for the foreseeable future may adversely affect our ability to raise needed capital for our business on reasonable terms, diminish supplier or customer willingness to enter into transactions with us, and have other adverse effects that may decrease our long-term viability. There can be no assurance we will achieve positive cash flow in the foreseeable future.

We need access to additional financing, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. For the year ended December 31, 2015, our independent registered public accounting firm issued a report on our 2015 financial statements that contains an explanatory paragraph stating that the lack of sales, negative working capital and stockholders’ deficit, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. If we cannot access additional financing when we need it and on acceptable terms, our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and ability to continue as a going concern could be adversely affected.

Our growth-oriented business plan to design, produce, sell and service commercial electric vehicles through our Union City facility will require continued capital investment. Our research and development activities will require continued investment. For the year ended December 31, 2015, our independent registered public accounting firm issued a report on our 2015 financial statements that contains an explanatory paragraph stating that the lack of sales, negative working capital and stockholders’ deficit, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. In light of the financing recently closed in November 2016 in order to implement our operations through December 31, 2016 we will need to raise approximately $15 million. This capital will be necessary to fund our ongoing operations, continue research, development and design efforts, open our sales, service and assembly facilities, improve infrastructure and introduce new or improve existing vehicle models. We cannot be certain that additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all, particularly given that we do not now have a committed credit facility with any government or financial institution. If we cannot obtain additional financing when we need it and on terms acceptable to us, our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and ability to continue as a going concern could be adversely affected.

Our limited operating history makes it difficult for us to evaluate our future business prospects and make decisions based on those estimates of our future performance.

We have basically been a research and development company since beginning operations in February 2007.  We have a limited operating history and have generated limited revenue.  As we move more toward a manufacturing environment it is difficult, if not impossible, to forecast our future results based upon our historical data.  Because of the uncertainties related to our lack of historical operations, we may be hindered in our ability to anticipate and timely adapt to increases or decreases in revenues or expenses.  If we make poor budgetary decisions as a result of unreliable historical data, we could be less profitable or incur losses, which may result in a decline in our stock price.

Failure to successfully integrate the Workhorse ® brand, logo, intellectual property, patents and assembly plant in Union City, Indiana into our operations could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

As part of our strategy to become an OEM, in March 2013, we acquired Workhorse and the Workhorse Assets including the Workhorse ® brand, logo, intellectual property, patents and assembly plant in Union City, Indiana.  The Workhorse acquisition may expose us to operational challenges and risks, including the diversion of management’s attention from our existing business, the failure to retain key Workhorse dealers and our ability to commence operations at the plant in Union City, Indiana.  Our ability to sustain our growth and maintain our competitive position may be affected by our ability to successfully integrate the Workhorse Assets. 

Our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be adversely affected if we cannot reduce and adequately control the costs and expenses associated with operating our business, including our material and production costs.

We incur significant costs and expenses related to procuring the materials, components and services required to develop and produce our electric vehicles. We have secured supply agreements for our critical components including our batteries. However, these are dependent on volume to ensure that they are available at a competitive price.   As a result, our current cost projections are considerably higher than the projected revenue stream that such vehicles will produce.  As a result, we are continually working on initiatives to reduce our cost structure so that we may effectively compete. If we do not properly manage our costs and expenses our net losses will continue which will negatively impact our stock price. 

Our future growth is dependent upon the willingness of operators of commercial vehicle fleets to adopt electric vehicles and on our ability to produce, sell and service vehicles that meet their needs. If the market for commercial electric vehicles does not develop as we expect or develops more slowly than we expect, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be adversely affected.

Our growth is dependent upon the adoption of electric vehicles by operators of commercial vehicle fleets and on our ability to produce, sell and service vehicles that meet their needs. The entry of commercial electric vehicles into the medium-duty commercial vehicle market is a relatively new development, particularly in the United States, and is characterized by rapidly changing technologies and evolving government regulation, industry standards and customer views of the merits of using electric vehicles in their businesses. This process has been slow as without including the impact of government or other subsidies and incentives, the purchase prices for our commercial electric vehicles currently is higher than the purchase prices for diesel-fueled vehicles. As part of our sales efforts, we must educate fleet managers as to the economical savings during the life of the vehicle. As such, we believe that operators of commercial vehicle fleets consider a number of factors when deciding whether to purchase our commercial electric vehicles (or commercial electric vehicles generally) or vehicles powered by internal combustion engines, particularly diesel-fueled or natural gas-fueled vehicles. We believe these factors include:

If, in weighing these factors, operators of commercial vehicle fleets determine that there is not a compelling business justification for purchasing commercial electric vehicles, particularly those that we produce and sell, then the market for commercial electric vehicles may not develop as we expect or may develop more slowly than we expect, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

If our customers are unable to efficiently and effectively integrate our electric vehicles into their existing commercial fleets our sales may suffer and our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results may be adversely affected.

Our sales strategy involves a comprehensive plan for the pilot and roll-out of our electric vehicles, as well as the ongoing replacement of existing commercial vehicles with our electric vehicles, that is tailored to the individual needs of our customers. If we are unable to develop and execute fleet integration strategies or fleet management support services that meet our customers' unique circumstances with minimal disruption to their businesses, our customers may not realize the economic benefits they expect from our electric vehicles. If this were to occur, our customers may not order additional vehicles from us, which could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We currently do not have long-term supply contracts with guaranteed pricing which exposes us to fluctuations in component, materials and equipment prices.  Substantial increases in these prices would increase our operating costs and could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Because we currently do not have long-term supply contracts with guaranteed pricing, we are subject to fluctuations in the prices of the raw materials, parts and components and equipment we use in the production of our vehicles.  Substantial increases in the prices for such raw materials, components and equipment would increase our operating costs and could reduce our margins if we cannot recoup the increased costs through increased vehicle prices.  Any attempts to increase the announced or expected prices of our vehicles in response to increased costs could be viewed negatively by our customers and could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. 

If we are unable to scale our operations at our Union City facility in an expedited manner from our limited low volume production to high volume production, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected.

We are currently assembling our orders at our Union City facility which is acceptable for our existing orders. In order to satisfy increased demand, we will need to quickly scale operations in our Union City facility as well as scale our supply chain including access to batteries. Our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected if we experience disruptions in our supply chain, if we cannot obtain materials of sufficient quality at reasonable prices or if we are unable to scale our Union City facility.

We depend upon key personnel and need additional personnel.

Our success depends on the continuing services of Stephen Burns, CEO, and Martin J. Rucidlo, President. On December 8, 2010, we entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Burns for a term of two years which automatically renews for one year periods unless either of the parties elects to not renew for such period.  Mr. Rucidlo is not engaged under a long-term employment agreement. The loss of any of these individuals could have a material and adverse effect on our business operations.  Additionally, the success of our operations will largely depend upon its ability to successfully attract and maintain competent and qualified key management personnel.  As with any company with limited resources, there can be no guarantee that we will be able to attract such individuals or that the presence of such individuals will necessarily translate into profitability for our company.  Our inability to attract and retain key personnel may materially and adversely affect our business operations. Any failure by our management to effectively anticipate, implement, and manage the changes required to sustain our growth would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. 

We face competition. A few of our competitors have greater financial or other resources, longer operating histories and greater name recognition than we do and one or more of these competitors could use their greater resources and/or name recognition to gain market share at our expense or could make it very difficult for us to establish market share.

Companies currently competing in the fleet logistics market offering alternative fuel medium-duty trucks include Ford Motor Company and Freightliner. Ford and Freightliner are currently selling alternative fuel fleet vehicles including hybrids. In the electric medium duty truck market in the United States, we compete with a few other manufacturers, including Electric Vehicles International and Smith Electric Vehicles. Ford and Freightliner have more significant financial resources, established market positions, long-standing relationships with customers and dealers, and who have more significant name recognition, technical, marketing, sales, financial and other resources than we do. Although we believe that HorseFly™, our unmanned aerial system (UAS), is unique in the marketplace in that it currently does not have any competitors when it comes to a UAS that works in combination with a truck, there are better financed competitors in this emerging industry, including Google and Amazon. While we are seeking to partner with existing delivery companies in order to improve their efficiencies in the last mile of delivery, our competitors are seeking to redefine the delivery model through the use of drones from a central location requiring extended flight patterns. Our competitors’ new aerial delivery model would essentially eliminate traditional package delivery companies. Our model is focused on coupling our delivery drone with delivery trucks supplementing the existing model and providing shorter term flight patterns. Google and Amazon have more significant financial resources, established market positions, long-standing relationships with customers, more significant name recognition and a larger scope of resources including technical, marketing and sales than we do. The resources available to our competitors to develop new products and introduce them into the marketplace exceed the resources currently available to us. As a result, our competitors may be able to compete more aggressively and sustain that competition over a longer period of time that we can. This intense competitive environment may require us to make changes in our products, pricing, licensing, services, distribution, or marketing to develop a market position. Each of these competitors has the potential to capture market share in our target markets which could have an adverse effect on our position in our industry and on our business and operating results.

If we are unable to keep up with advances in electric vehicle technology, we may suffer a decline in our competitive position.

There are companies in the electric vehicle industry that have developed or are developing vehicles and technologies that compete or will compete with our vehicles.  We cannot assure that our competitors will not be able to duplicate our technology or provide products and services similar to ours more efficiently.  If for any reason we are unable to keep pace with changes in electric vehicle technology, particularly battery technology, our competitive position may be adversely affected.  We plan to upgrade or adapt our vehicles and introduce new models in order to continue to provide electric vehicles that incorporate the latest technology.  However, there is no assurance that our research and development efforts will keep pace with those of our competitors.

Our electric vehicles compete for market share with vehicles powered by other vehicle technologies that may prove to be more attractive than ours.

Our target market currently is serviced by manufacturers with existing customers and suppliers using proven and widely accepted fuel technologies.  Additionally, our competitors are working on developing technologies that may be introduced in our target market.  If any of these alternative technology vehicles can provide lower fuel costs, greater efficiencies, greater reliability or otherwise benefit from other factors resulting in an overall lower total cost of ownership, this may negatively affect the commercial success of our vehicles or make our vehicles uncompetitive or obsolete. 

We currently have a limited number of customers, with whom we do not have long-term agreements, and expect that a significant portion of our future sales will be from a limited number of customers and the loss of any of these high volume customers could materially harm our business.

A significant portion of our projected future revenue, if any, is generated from a limited number of vehicle customers.  Additionally, much of our business model is focused on building relationships with large customers.  Currently we have no contracts with customers that include long-term commitments or minimum volumes that ensure future sales of vehicles.  As such, a customer may take actions that affect us for reasons that we cannot anticipate or control, such as reasons related to the customer’s financial condition, changes in the customer’s business strategy or operations or as the result of the perceived performance or cost-effectiveness of our vehicles.  The loss of or a reduction in sales or anticipated sales to our most significant customers could have an adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. 

Changes in the market for electric vehicles could cause our products to become obsolete or lose popularity.

The modern electric vehicle industry is in its infancy and has experienced substantial change in the last few years.  To date, demand for and interest in electric vehicles has been slower than forecasted by industry experts.  As a result, growth in the electric vehicle industry depends on many factors, including, but not limited to:

We cannot assume that growth in the electric vehicle industry will continue.  Our business may suffer if the electric vehicle industry does not grow or grows more slowly than it has in recent years or if we are unable to maintain the pace of industry demands.

The unavailability, reduction, elimination or adverse application of government subsidies, incentives and regulations could have an adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We believe that, currently, the availability of government subsidies and incentives including those available in New York, California and Chicago is an important factor considered by our customers when purchasing our vehicles, and that our growth depends in part on the availability and amounts of these subsidies and incentives.  Any reduction, elimination or discriminatory application of government subsidies and incentives because of budgetary challenges, policy changes, the reduced need for such subsidies and incentives due to the perceived success of electric vehicles or other reasons may result in the diminished price competitiveness of the alternative fuel vehicle industry. 

We may be unable to keep up with changes in electric vehicle technology and, as a result, may suffer a decline in our competitive position.

Our current products are designed for use with, and are dependent upon, existing electric vehicle technology.  As technologies change, we plan to upgrade or adapt our products in order to continue to provide products with the latest technology.  However, our products may become obsolete or our research and development efforts may not be sufficient to adapt to changes in or to create the necessary technology.  As a result, our potential inability to adapt and develop the necessary technology may harm our competitive position.

The failure of certain key suppliers to provide us with components could have a severe and negative impact upon our business.

We have secured supply agreements for our critical components including our batteries. However, these are dependent on volume to ensure that they are available at a competitive price. Further, we rely on a small group of suppliers to provide us with components for our products.  If these suppliers become unwilling or unable to provide components or if we are unable to meet certain volume requirements in our existing supply agreements, there are a limited number of alternative suppliers who could provide them.  Changes in business conditions, wars, governmental changes, and other factors beyond our control or which we do not presently anticipate could affect our ability to receive components from our suppliers.  Further, it could be difficult to find replacement components if our current suppliers fail to provide the parts needed for these products.  A failure by our major suppliers to provide these components could severely restrict our ability to manufacture our products and prevent us from fulfilling customer orders in a timely fashion. 

Product liability or other claims could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The risk of product liability claims, product recalls, and associated adverse publicity is inherent in the manufacturing, marketing, and sale of electrical vehicles.  Although we have product liability insurance for our consumer and commercial products, that insurance may be inadequate to cover all potential product claims.  We also carry liability insurance on our products.  Any product recall or lawsuit seeking significant monetary damages either in excess of our coverage, or outside of our coverage, may have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.  We may not be able to secure additional product liability insurance coverage on acceptable terms or at reasonable costs when needed.  A successful product liability claim against us could require us to pay a substantial monetary award. Moreover, a product recall could generate substantial negative publicity about our products and business and inhibit or prevent commercialization of other future product candidates.  We cannot provide assurance that such claims and/or recalls will not be made in the future.  

We may have to devote substantial resources to implementing a retail product distribution network.

Dealers are often hesitant to provide their own financing to contribute to our product distribution network.  As a result, we anticipate that we may have to provide financing or other consignment sale arrangements for dealers.  A capital investment such as this presents many risks, foremost among them being that we may not realize a significant return on our investment if the network is not profitable.  Our inability to collect receivables from dealers could cause us to suffer losses.  Lastly, the amount of time that our management will need to devote to this project may divert them from performing other functions necessary to assure the success of our business.

Regulatory requirements may have a negative impact upon our business.

While our vehicles are subject to substantial regulation under federal, state, and local laws, we believe that our vehicles are or will be materially in compliance with all applicable laws.  However, to the extent the laws change, or if we introduce new vehicles in the future, some or all of our vehicles may not comply with applicable federal, state, or local laws.  Further, certain federal, state, and local laws and industrial standards currently regulate electrical and electronics equipment.  Although standards for electric vehicles are not yet generally available or accepted as industry standards, our products may become subject to federal, state, and local regulation in the future.  Compliance with these regulations could be burdensome, time consuming, and expensive.

Our products are subject to environmental and safety compliance with various federal and state regulations, including regulations promulgated by the EPA, NHTSA, and various state boards, and compliance certification is required for each new model year.  The cost of these compliance activities and the delays and risks associated with obtaining approval can be substantial.  The risks, delays, and expenses incurred in connection with such compliance could be substantial.

If the FAA rejects our application to test our UAS/Truck combination and/or if the FAA does not release updated regulations to allow for the commercial use of drones, our business will be negatively impacted.

In July 2015, we filed for an exemption with the FAA to allow us to test the UAS/Truck combination on an actual rural delivery route with a large commercial delivery company. The FAA typically takes four to five months to approve this type of request. Based on our research, our understanding of this process is that this exemption will either be approved as is or the FAA will require us to make minor modifications to the exemption and then approve it. However, it is possible that the FAA may reject the exemption application. There is no guarantee that the FAA will grant this application or if they do grant the application that the grant will be flexible enough to allow substantial testing of the UAS/Truck combination. Further, even if we are granted the exemption for a single rural route, there is no guarantee that additional FAA regulations or exemptions will develop allowing our UAS business to be commercialized. If we are unable to pursue our UAS business line, our operations and potential future financial results could be negatively impacted.

Our success may be dependent on protecting our intellectual property rights.

We rely on trade secret protections to protect our proprietary technology as well as several registered patents and one patent application. Our patents relate to the vehicle chassis assembly, vehicle header and drive module and manifold for electric motor drive assembly. Our existing patent application relates to the onboard generator drive system for electric vehicles.  Our success will, in part, depend on our ability to obtain additional trademarks and patents.  We are working on obtaining patents and trademarks registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office but have not finalized any as of this date.  Although we have entered into confidentiality agreements with our employees and consultants, we cannot be certain that others will not gain access to these trade secrets.  Others may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets.

We may be exposed to liability for infringing upon the intellectual property rights of other companies.

Our success will, in part, depend on our ability to operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others.  Although we have conducted searches and are not aware of any patents and trademarks which our products or their use might infringe, we cannot be certain that infringement has not or will not occur.  We could incur substantial costs, in addition to the great amount of time lost, in defending any patent or trademark infringement suits or in asserting any patent or trademark rights, in a suit with another party. 

Our electric vehicles make use of lithium-ion battery cells, which, if not appropriately managed and controlled, on rare occasions have been observed to catch fire or vent smoke and flames.  If such events occur in our electric vehicles, we could face liability for damage or injury, adverse publicity and a potential safety recall, any of which could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

The battery packs in our electric vehicles use lithium-ion cells, which have been used for years in laptop computers and cell phones.  On rare occasions, if not appropriately managed and controlled, lithium-ion cells can rapidly release the energy they contain by venting smoke and flames in a manner that can ignite nearby materials.

Our facilities could be damaged or adversely affected as a result of disasters or other unpredictable events.  Any prolonged disruption in the operations of our facility would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We engineer and assemble our electric vehicles in a facility in Loveland, Ohio and we intend to locate the assembly function to our facility in Union City. Any prolonged disruption in the operations of our facility, whether due to technical, information systems, communication networks, accidents, weather conditions or other natural disaster, or otherwise, whether short or long-term, would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends on our common stock will depend on earnings, financial condition and other business and economic factors affecting the company at such time as the board of directors may consider relevant. If we do not pay dividends, our common stock may be less valuable because a return on investment will only occur due to stock price appreciation. 

Our stock price and trading volume may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses for our stockholders.

The equity trading markets may experience periods of volatility, which could result in highly variable and unpredictable pricing of equity securities. The market price of our common stock could change in ways that may or may not be related to our business, our industry or our operating performance and financial condition. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. We have experienced significant volatility in the price of our stock. We cannot assure that the market price of our common stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. In addition, the stock markets in general can experience considerable price and volume fluctuations. 

We have not voluntary implemented various corporate governance measures, in the absence of which, shareholders may have more limited protections against interested director transactions, conflict of interest and similar matters.

Recent Federal legislation, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, has resulted in the adoption of various corporate governance measures designed to promote the integrity of the corporate management and the securities markets. Some of these measures have been adopted in response to legal requirements. Others have been adopted by companies in response to the requirements of national securities exchanges, such as the NYSE or the NASDAQ, on which their securities are listed. Prospective investors should bear in mind our current lack of Sarbanes Oxley measures in formulating their investment decisions.

We may be exposed to potential risks relating to our internal controls over financial reporting and our ability to have those controls attested to by our independent auditors.

As directed by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ("SOX 404"), the Securities and Exchange Commission adopted rules requiring smaller reporting companies, such as our company, to include a report of management on the company's internal controls over financial reporting in their annual reports for fiscal years ending on or after December 15, 2007. We were required to include the management report in annual reports starting with the year ending December 31, 2009. Previous SEC rules required a non-accelerated filer to include an attestation report in its annual report for years ending on or after June 15, 2010. Section 989G of the Dodd-Frank Act added SOX Section 404(c) to exempt from the attestation requirement smaller issuers that are neither accelerated filers nor large accelerated filers under Rule 12b-2. Under Rule 12b-2, subject to periodic and annual reporting criteria, an “accelerated filer” is an issuer with market value of $75 million, but less than $700 million; a “large accelerated filer” is an issuer with market value of $700 million or greater. As a result, the exemption effectively applies to companies with less than $75 million in market capitalization. 

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our principal offices are located at 100 Commerce Drive, Loveland, Ohio 45247, which include 7,500 square feet in office space and 22,500 square feet in manufacturing/development space. We pay $12,231 per month in rent and our current lease expires in September 2018. On March 13, 2013 the Company acquired the operating assets of Workhorse Custom Chassis, LLC, an unrelated company located in Union City, Indiana. The following summarizes the consideration paid, and the components of the purchase price and the related allocation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed:

The following table sets forth the location, approximate size and primary use of our principal owned, leased and licensed facilities:

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are currently not a party to any legal or administrative proceedings and are not aware of any pending or threatened legal or administrative proceedings against us in all material aspects. We may from time to time become a party to various legal or administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common stock was quoted on the OTCBB and OTCQB under the symbol "TTSO" from July 14, 2009 through May 24, 2010 and then under the symbol “AMPD” from May 24, 2010 to April 16, 2015 when the Company was renamed Workhorse Group Inc going under the symbol “WKHS”. On January 4, 2016 the Company was approved by Nasdaq Capital Market and our common stock is now quoted on Nasdaq under the symbol “WKHS”. The following table sets forth the range of high and low prices per share of our common stock for each period indicated.

On December 9, 2015, the Company filed a Certificate of Change (the “Certificate”) with the State of Nevada to effect a reverse stock split of its outstanding and authorized shares of common stock at a ratio of 1 for 10 (the “Reverse Stock Split”). Fractional shares that resulted from the Reverse Stock Split will be rounded up to the next highest number. The Certificate was approved by the Board of Directors of the Company. The effective date of the Reverse Stock Split is December 11, 2015. At the effective time, every 10 shares of common stock issued and outstanding will be automatically combined into one share of issued and outstanding common stock, without any change in the par value. In addition, the authorized shares of common stock will be reduced from 500,000,000 to 50,000,000. The above market prices reflect such Reverse Stock Split.

Holders of our Common Stock

As of March 27, 2016, there were approximately 278 stockholders of record of our common stock. This number does not include shares held by brokerage clearing houses, depositories or others in unregistered form. The stock transfer agent for our securities is Empire Stock Transfer, Inc., 1859 Whitney Mesa Drive, Henderson, Nevada 89014.

Dividends

The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its common stock. The Company currently intends to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the expansion of its business. As a result, the Company does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table sets forth the aggregate information of our equity compensation plans in effect as of December 31, 2015:

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

On January 29, 2013, the Company entered into a subscription agreement with an accredited investor pursuant to which the investor purchased 50,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at a cost basis of $2.00 per share, for a purchase price of $100,000, together with a common stock purchase warrant to acquire 25,000 shares of common stock at $4.00 per share for a period of three years.

In addition, on January 29, 2013, an accredited investor loaned the Company $100,000. In consideration of such loan, the Company issued a Promissory Note which bears interest at 10% per annum and matures on January 29, 2014. The Note can be prepaid in whole or in part at any time without the consent of the holder provided that the Company shall pay all accrued interest on the principal so prepaid to date of such prepayment. On February 21, 2013, the Company and the holder entered into a Conversion Agreement pursuant to which the parties converted the Note of January 29, 2013 into 50,000 shares of common stock of the Company at a cost basis of $2.00 per share and a common stock purchase warrant to acquire 25,000 shares of common stock of the Company. The warrant is exercisable for three years at an exercise price of $4.00.

On March 13, 2013, the Company entered into a subscription agreement with various accredited investors pursuant to which the Investors purchased 1,792,500 shares of the Company’s common stock at a cost basis of $2.00 per share, for a purchase price of $3,585,000, together with common stock purchase warrants to acquire 896,250 shares of common stock at $4.0 per share for a period of three years.

On March 13, 2013 the Company agreed to compensate a business development consultant for work performed relating to the Workhorse Custom Chassis purchase by issuing 112,500 shares of common stock at a cost basis of $2.0 per share and a cash payment of $25,000. Additionally, on March 13, 2013 the Company agreed to compensate a consultant that performed due diligence work related to the Workhorse Custom Chassis purchase by issuing 5,000 shares of common stock at a cost basis of $2.30 per share.

On March 15, 2013 the Company established the 2013 Incentive Stock Plan to retain directors, executives and selected employees and consultants and reward them for making major contributions to the success of the Company. The total number of shares of common stock that may be purchased by Options, Stock Awards, or Restricted Stock Purchase Offers may not exceed 500,000. The exercise price of the options shall be no less than 100% of the Fair Market Value of the stock as of the date of grant, unless the holder owns more than 10% of the Company Stock in which case the Fair Market Value shall be no less than 110%. The exercise period shall be no more than five years. No shares shall become exercisable until the first anniversary date. Shares exercisable on the first anniversary date shall be 20% or more. On March 15, 2013 the Company granted 110,000 common stock options, from the 2013 Incentive Stock Plan, to certain executives and employees of the Company for work on the Workhorse Custom Chassis purchase. The options are exercisable at $2.90 per share for a period of five years and vest 20% on March 15, 2014, 20% on March 15, 2015, 20% on March 15, 2016 and 40% on March 15, 2017.

On March 19, 2013 the Company agreed to compensate a new Advisory Board Member by issuing 30,000 shares of common stock at a cost basis of $2.50 per share and a common stock option to acquire 5,000 shares at an exercise price of $2.50 per share for a period of five years, with 1,667 vesting on the first anniversary date and 1,667 vesting on each of the next two anniversary dates.

On March 21, 2013, the Company settled outstanding invoices for legal services totaling $40,000 by issuing 26,667 shares of common stock at a cost basis of $1.50 per share.

On April 15, 2013 the Company agreed to compensate a sales and marketing consultant for services performed by issuing 2,500 shares of common stock per month. The agreement is for a term of six months and may be terminated by either party with 30 days written notice. The Company also agreed to compensate the consultant based on performance in securing sales for the Company by issuing up to 50,000 shares of restricted common stock in the form of shares or options at the discretion of the consultant. On June 30, 2013, as payment for services performed from April 15 to June 30, 2013, 6,250 shares were issued at a cost basis of $3.724 per share. Additionally, on July 312,500 shares were issued at a cost basis of $4.005 per share for payment of July services.

On May 10, 2013, the Company entered into a subscription agreement with various accredited investors pursuant to which the investors purchased 257,500 shares of the Company’s common stock at a cost basis of $2.00 per share, for a purchase price of $515,000, together with common stock purchase warrants to acquire 128,750 shares of common stock at $4.0 per share for a period of three years.

On May 30, 2013, the Company entered into a subscription agreement with various accredited investors pursuant to which the investors purchased 25,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at a cost basis of $2.00 per share, for a purchase price of $50,000, together with common stock purchase warrants to acquire 12,500 shares of common stock at $4.00 per share for a period of three years.

On May 10, 2013, 18,764 shares of the Company’s common stock were issued upon the exercise of 2,113 stock options and proceeds of $1,161.

On May 10, 2013 the Company settled outstanding invoices for consulting services totaling $126,000 by issuing 50,000 shares of common stock.

On June 5, 2013, 20,000 shares of common stock were issued for consulting services valued at $54,800 related to introducing the Company to prospective investors. Additionally, on June 20, 2013, 10,000 shares of common stock were issued for consulting services valued at $41,000 related to introducing the Company to investors.

On June 28, 2013, the Company settled outstanding invoices for legal services totaling $15,000 by issuing 4,059 shares of common stock at a cost basis of $3.695 per share.

On June 28, 2013, the Company entered into a subscription agreement with various accredited investors pursuant to which the investors purchased 15,812 shares of the Company’s common stock at a cost basis of $3.20 per share, for a purchase price of $50,600, together with common stock purchase warrants to acquire 7,906 shares of common stock at $6.40 per share for a period of three years.

On July 1, 2013, the Company settled outstanding invoices for legal services totaling $10,000 by issuing 2,706 shares of common stock at a cost basis of $3.695 per share.

On August 15, 2013, Julio C. Rodriguez was named the Chief Financial Officer of the Company, replacing Richard J. Calme, who resigned as Interim Chief Financial Officer and was appointed Director of Finance of the Company. Pursuant to the terms of the Employment Agreement, Mr. Rodriguez shall receive an annual salary of $150,000. As additional compensation Mr. Rodriguez was granted options to acquire 30,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $4.00 per share for a period of five years. Mr. Rodriguez is a finance executive with over 30 years experience in financial and operational leadership roles within various industries including the automotive industry.

On October 24, 2013 Raymond J. Chess was appointed as a director of AMP Holding Inc. Mr. Chess entered into a letter of agreement with the Company to receive an annual fee of $40,000 and options to purchase 50,000 shares of the Company at $2.60 per share over a five-year period, vesting at 10,000 immediately and 4,000 every six months thereafter for a total of 50,000 shares. Mr. Chess has past experience with General Motors Co. (GM) where he had responsibility for global management of GM’s crossover market segment and commercial truck segment.

On December 11, 2013, the Company entered into a Promissory Note with JMJ Financial in the principal amount up to $335,000 of which only $80,000 was funded. On March 7, 2014, the Company paid the outstanding balance owed under the Note and, as a result, has no further obligations to JMJ under the Note.

On January 17, 2014 the Company entered an Incentive Stock Options plan to be granted to officers or directors, provided they are also employees of the Company.

On March 18, 2014, the Company entered into a Subscription Agreement with Joseph T. Lukens (“Lukens”), an existing shareholder and an accredited investor, whereby Lukens agreed to acquire 3,000,000 shares of common stock and Common Stock Purchase Warrants to acquire 1,500,000 shares of common stock in consideration of $3,000,000.

On April 22, 2014, Company Common Stock of 56,481 shares at a cost basis of $1.08 was issued to 13 contractors for accounting, IT, sales and engineering work.

As of May 2014, the Company entered into subscription agreement with accredited investors (“May 2014 Investors”) pursuant to which the May 2014 Investors purchased 1,428,000 shares of common stock for a purchase price of $1,428,000, together with a common stock purchase warrants to acquire 714,000 shares of common stock at $1.50 per share for a period of three years.

On May 16, 2014, the Company made a final settlement payment of $140,000 to EASi (Parent Company Aerotek) for past engineering services that cancelled a note payable with varying monthly payments due through December, 2014, totaling $169,753.

As of May 2014, the Company entered into conversion agreements with debt holders of the Company that were accredited investors (“May 2014 Conversion Investors”) pursuant to which the May 2014 Conversion Investors converted $1,169,300 into 1,169,300 shares of common stock together with a common stock purchase warrants to acquire 584,650 shares of common stock at $1.50 per share for a period of three years.

In July 2014, the Company issued options to consultants to acquire 40,197 shares of common stock for a period of five years at an exercise price of $0.10 per share. The options were issued in lieu of accrued compensation in the aggregate amount of $36,568.

In July 2014, the Company issued options to executive officers and directors of the Company to acquire 418,067 shares of common stock for a period of five years at an exercise price of $0.01 per share. The options were issued in lieu of accrued compensation in the aggregate amount of $380,328.

In July 15, 2014, the Company issued an option to a consultant to acquire 23,898 shares of common stock for a period of five years at an exercise price of $0.10 per share. The options were issued in lieu of accrued compensation in the aggregate amount of $26,287.

In November 2014, the Company issued an option to a law firm to acquire 27,679 shares of common stock for a period of five years at an exercise price of $0.10 per share. The options were issued in consideration of legal services.

In December 2014, the Company issued options to consultants to acquire 235,000 shares of common stock for a period of five years at an exercise price of $1.40 per share as an incentive for continued employment with the Company.

The Company entered into Subscription Agreements with accredited investors (the “December 2014 Investors”) providing for the sale by the Company to the December 2014 Investors of 14% Unsecured Convertible Promissory Notes in the aggregate amount of $900,000 (the "December 2014 Notes"). Upon the increase of the authorized shares of common stock to 50,000,000, the December 2014 Notes automatically convert into shares of common stock. On February 11, 2105, the Company amended its certificate of incorporation to increase its authorized shares of common stock to 50,000,000. The Company is in the process of delivering the 1,167,857 shares of common stock deliverable upon automatic conversion of the December 2014 Notes. In addition to the December 2014 Notes, the December 2014 Investors also received common stock purchase warrants (the “December 2014 Warrants”) to acquire 321,429 shares of common stock of the Company. The December 2014 Warrants are exercisable for five years at an exercise price of $1.40. The initial closing of $200,000 was on November 24, 2014 and the second closing of $700,000 was on December 8, 2014. The December 2014 Notes mature one year from their respective effective dates (the "Maturity Dates") and interest associated with the December 2014 Notes is 14% per annum, which is payable on the Maturity Dates. The December 2014 Notes and the December 2014 Warrants carry standard anti-dilution provisions. Further, for a period of six months from issuance, upon the issuance of common stock or common stock equivalents at a price lower than the conversion price or the exercise price, the conversion price in the December 2014 Notes and the exercise price in the December 2014 Warrants will be reduced to such lower price.

On February 13, 2015, the Company entered into an agreement with Mr. Taylor whereby Mr. Taylor agreed to waive his right to $187,850 in accrued fees in consideration for $50,000 in cash upon the Company raising capital and an option, issued under the 2014 Stock Compensation Plan, to acquire 77,436 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.10 per share. 

As of March 2015 the Company converted Convertible Notes Payable for which accredited investors paid $1,635,000 cash and earned $34,249 in accrued interest into 119,232 of common stock.

As of March 2015 the Company converted options and warrants of $98,104 into 6,189 of common stock.

As of March 2015 the Company converted accounts payable owed of $154,623 into 6,374 of common stock in settlement of the debts.

From February 26, 2015 through April 7, 2015, the Company entered into subscription agreements with accredited investors (the “2015 Accredited Investors”) pursuant to which the 2015 Accredited Investors purchased an aggregate of 32,098 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “2015 Subscription Shares”) for an aggregate purchase price of $930,854.

On June 17, 2015, the Company issued a Promissory Note (the “Note”) to JMJ Financial (“JMJ”) in the principal amount of $100,000. JMJ has the ability to fund up to $400,000. On June 17, 2015, JMJ funded an initial tranche of $100,000 pursuant to the terms thereof. The parties entered into a settlement agreement in November 2015 and the Note was paid in full

On June 30, 2015, (the “Initial Closing Date”), the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Peak One Agreement”) with Peak One Opportunity Fund L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (“Peak One”). Pursuant to the Peak One Agreement, Peak One agreed to purchase from the Company up to $500,000 in convertible debentures (the “Debentures”), bearing interest at a rate of 0% per annum, with maturity on the third anniversary of the respective date of issuance, for an aggregate purchase price of $450,000. On the Initial Closing Date, the Company issued and sold to Peak One, and Peak One purchased from the Company, a first Debenture in the principal amount of $150,000 for a purchase price of $135,000. In November 2015, Peak One was paid in full.

On July 7, 2015 (the “Issuance Date”), the Company entered into a Convertible Note (the “Vista Note”) with Vista Capital Investments, LLC (“Vista”) in the Original Principal Amount of $250,000 (including a 10% Original Issue Discount (“OID”)). The parties entered into a settlement agreement in November 2015 and the Vista Note was paid in full.

On July 13, 2015 (the “Issuance Date”), the Company completed the sale of a Convertible Note (“Cardinal Note”) in the principal amount $250,000 to Cardinal Capital Group, Inc. (“Cardinal Group”). The Cardinal Note has an Original Issue Discount (“OID”) of $25,000 and carries a one-time interest charge of 12% payable on the entire principal amount. The parties entered into a settlement agreement in November 2015 and the Cardinal Note was paid in full.

On February 13, 2015 Marshall Cogan entered into an agreement with the Company to serve as Chief Investment Officer. In addition, Mr. Cogan was appointed as Chairman of the Board of directors for the Company, replacing James Taylor, who remained on the Board as a director. Mr. Cogan entered into a letter of agreement with the Company to receive an annual salary of $135,000 and options to acquire 750,000 shares of common stock, exercisable for the three-year Employment Term at $1.50 per share ("Executive Stock Options"), subject to vesting. The Executive Stock Options were to be earned and vested in equal tranches of 250,000 on the one-year, two-year and three-year anniversary of the agreement, which such vesting is subject to Executive's continued employment as an executive with the Company as of the vesting date. In May 2015, the Company terminated Marshall S. Cogan as Chief Investment Officer. Further, the Executive Employment Agreement and the Stock Option Agreement entered between the Company and Mr. Cogan dated February 13, 2015 have also been terminated. On June 17, 2015, Mr. Cogan submitted his resignation as a director of the Company.

On July 29, 2015, the Company entered into an advisory agreement with Maxim Group LLC pursuant to which the Company issued Maxim Group LLC 500,000 shares of Common Stock in consideration of certain financial advisory and investment banking services.

In August 2015, the Company issued 15,700 shares of common stock to a third party consultant to settle all outstanding fees owed to such consultant. In addition, in September 2015, the Company issued 10,000 shares of common stock to a legal advisor in consideration of legal services.

In October 2015, two warrant holders exercised their common stock purchase warrants on a cashless basis resulting in the aggregate issuance of 61,708 shares of Common Stock.

On September 10, 2015, the Company entered into subscription agreements with several accredited investors (the “2015 Accredited Investors”) pursuant to which the 2015 Accredited Investors purchased an aggregate of 434,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “2015 Subscription Shares”) for an aggregate purchase price of $1,085,000.

On November 9, 2015 and December 4, 2015 (the "Closing Dates"), the Company, entered into Securities Purchase Agreements with several accredited investors (the “Investors”) providing for the sale by the Company to the Investors of 6% Convertible Promissory Notes in the aggregate amount of $13,534,426 (the "Notes"). In addition to the Notes, the Investors also received stock purchase warrants (the “Warrants”) to acquire an aggregate of 3,852,693 shares of common stock of the Company. The Warrants are exercisable for five years at an exercise price of $5.28. The Notes were automatically converted into 3,866,979 shares.

The offers, sales, and issuances of the securities described above were deemed to be exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act or Regulation D promulgated thereunder as transactions by an issuer not involving a public offering. The recipients of securities in each of these transactions acquired the securities for investment only and not with a view to or for sale in connection with any distribution thereof and appropriate legends were affixed to the securities issued in these transactions. Each of the recipients of securities in these transactions was an accredited or sophisticated person and had adequate access, through employment, business or other relationships, to information about us.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA 

Note: Share and per share data adjusted for reverse stock split

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes that appear elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K

Overview and 2015 Highlights

We are a U.S.-based developer of medium-duty, battery-electric delivery vehicles and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) delivery drones that are fully integrated with Workhorse electric vehicles. We recently received an initial order from United Parcel Service for 125 E-GEN trucks and, as a result, we are in the process of implementing operations as an original equipment manufacturer. We are also a developer of a cloud-based, real-time telematics performance monitoring system that tracks and displays the performance analytics and location of each Workhorse vehicle. We believe our vehicles, engineering expertise, innovation and operational structure differentiate us from traditional truck manufacturers.

We have filed a patent application for a new system that extends the range of electric vehicles while reducing the overall cost of the typical battery-electric power train. The new system, E-GEN Drive(TM), is designed specifically for the package delivery vehicle market, in which the diesel and/or gasoline-powered vehicles in use now are required to stop and restart hundreds of times a day. We believe that battery-electric technology is an ideal fit for urban and suburban delivery routes, despite the typical fleet owner's concerns about range and cost. Our E-GEN Drive system will enable our customers to keep their batteries charged to a consistent state of charge throughout the day and, since we are able to use smaller battery packs, we can reduce the cost of the entire system. Our E-GEN Drive trucks offer a three-year payback, making them price competitive with gasoline-powered trucks. When the ignition is shut off, the engine automatically turns on and recharges the battery pack. When the ignition is turned back on, the engine turns off and the vehicle reverts to all-electric power. The engine and the battery-powered motor are never in use at the same time. It is not a traditional hybrid, but an extended-range electric vehicle. As a result, we believe our new design has many benefits, including:

We believe the benefits of our new design also provide customers additional benefits, which include:

We have developed our second generation, full-electric truck, “E-100”, which is a significant improvement over our first generation vehicle. The second-generation vehicle includes a single powerful electric motor with no transmission and new lighter, high-density Lithium-ion batteries, giving the vehicle a range of up to 100 miles.

In March of 2013, we purchased the former Workhorse Custom Chassis assembly plant in Union City, Indiana from Navistar International (NAV: NYSE). With this acquisition, we acquired the capability to be an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) of Class 3-6 commercial-grade, medium-duty truck chassis, to be marketed under the Workhorse® brand.

Ownership and operation of this plant enables us to build new chassis with gross vehicle weight capacities of between 10,000 and 26,000 pounds. These chassis are our new 88”-track (W88) and include either of our two second-generation, battery-electric drive trains, both powered by Panasonic 18650 Li-ion cells. The W88 truck chassis will be offered to fleet purchasing managers at price points that are both attractive and cost competitive.

At the same time, we intend to partner with engine suppliers and body fabricators to offer fleet-specific, custom, purpose-built chassis that provide total cost of ownership solutions that are superior to the competition.

In addition to having the ability to build our own chassis, we design and produce battery-electric power trains that can be installed in new Workhorse chassis or installed as repower packages to convert used Class 3-6 medium-duty vehicles from diesel or gasoline power to electric power. Our approach is to provide battery-electric power trains utilizing proven, automotive-grade, mass-produced parts in their architectures, coupled with in-house control software that we have developed over the last five years.

The Company is also seeking to re-design the future of parcel delivery aviation: HorseFly™, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) that is designed for the package delivery market as well as other commercial applications. Our UAV works in tandem with our electric trucks to bring a practical low cost solution to making the last mile more efficient and cost effective for our parcel customers. HorseFly™ is designed to further improve package delivery efficiencies and has been developed in conjunction with the University of Cincinnati, one of the country’s foremost educational institutions for drone research, and the FAA. Although the FAA rules governing the use of drones have not been finalized, we believe that HorseFly™ is built to comply with the nature of the FAA proposed rules.

Recent Developments

On August 7, 2015, the Company entered into a Prime Order under the Vehicle Purchase Agreement with UPS, pursuant to which UPS agreed to purchase 125 E-GEN trucks. In addition, Workhorse also received orders for two E-Gen vehicles from UPS for testing, which have been delivered.

Workhorse had previously entered into a purchase agreement with UPS to supply 18 all-electric Workhorse E-100 Walk-In Vans to be deployed in the Houston-Galveston, Texas area. The U.S. Department of Energy selected this project to improve local air quality in the Houston-Galveston area, which is currently designated as a National Ambient Air Quality Non-Attainment Area. The purchase agreement requires an initial vehicle to be approved by UPS prior to delivering additional vehicles. After approval of the initial vehicle, we are scheduled to deliver five vehicles per month over a period of three to four months. As of the date hereof, Workhorse has delivered one E-100 All Electric vehicle and, pending receipt of approval, is in the process of finalizing the manufacture of one additional vehicle.

Currently, the schedule agreed to with UPS for the Prime Order requires that we deliver 20 vehicles per month, beginning in February 2016. However, these deadlines are expected to evolve as UPS operations personnel from seven states will be involved in the scheduling. There is no guarantee that the Company will be able to perform under the Prime Order or the E-100 order and, if it does perform, that UPS will purchase additional vehicles from the Company. Further, if the Company is not able to raise the required capital, including to purchase required parts and pay certain vendors, the Company may not be able to comply with UPS’s deadlines.

The Company responded on March 6, 2015 to a Request for Information and Prequalification (RFI) from the United States Postal Service (USPS) for its Next Generation Delivery Vehicle (NGDV) Acquisition Program. The USPS anticipates making a single award in 2017 to a supplier for up to 180,000 NGDVs to replace its current fleet of mail delivery vehicles. Delivery of the NGDVs to the USPS is expected to begin no later than January 2018. On April 14, 2015, the USPS notified the Company that it has advanced in the NGDV Acquisition Program as a prequalified supplier. The Company is now required to submit detailed specifications and build several prototypes for testing. The Company was expected to submit its specifications in early October 2015. However, on August 10, 2015, USPS advised that it is continuing to review its objectives and refine its requirements under the program to ensure design flexibility and maximum opportunity for innovation. The USPS advised that it expected to provide further guidance prior to September 25, 2015. As of the date hereof, the USPS has not provided the further guidance. Upon receipt of such guidance, the Company will submit its specifications.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) granted a Certificate of Authorization (COA) to the Ohio/Indiana UAS Center and Test Complex, allowing Workhorse and the University of Cincinnati (UC) to continue their joint development of Workhorse Group's HorseFly™ UAS, which is designed to fly to and from a standard delivery vehicle. Testing of HorseFly will take place at the Wilmington Air Park in Wilmington, OH. Collaboration between the UC's College of Engineering and Applied Science and the Ohio/Indiana UAS Center led to sponsorship for the two-year FAA authorization from the Ohio State Department of Transportation in addition to priority access to Wilmington Air Park.

Results of Operations

Our condensed consolidated statement of operations data for the period presented follows:

Revenue

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015 were related to delivery of EGEN and E100 prototypes for UPS. Revenue for the year ended in December 31, 2014 were related to delivery of conversion of an all-electric Para-transit 12 passenger bus to BARTA (Berks County Regional Transit Authority) of Pennsylvania.

We have received several orders from fleets which we are in the process of filling.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses consist primarily of personnel and facilities costs related to our development including, marketing, sales, executive, finance, human resources, information technology and professional, legal and contract services.

SG&A expenses during year ended December 31, 2015 were $3.9 million, an increase from $3.0 million for the year ended December 30, 2014. The increase in our SG&A expenses consisted primarily in employee compensation expenses related to higher headcount to support the sales and technical activities as well as additional employee expenses, and consulting expenses as a result of our production and sales efforts and focus on marketing of our new technologies.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development (“R&D”) expenses consist primarily of personnel costs for our teams in engineering and research, prototyping expense, and contract and professional services.  Union City plant expenses prior to the start of production are also included in research and development expenses.

R&D expenses during the year ended December 31, 2015 were $4.7 million, an increase from $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in our R&D expenses is the result of an increase of engineering employee and consulting expense, prototype component increase expense and vehicle testing.

Interest Expenses

Our interest expense is incurred primarily from our long term loan with Navistar in connection to the purchase of the Union City plant mentioned before in the Property, Plant and Equipment and Long Term Loan notes to the financial statements.

Interest expenses during the year ended December 31, 2015 were $965 thousand, an increase from $399 thousand for year ended December 31, 2014. The higher expense was due to an increase of principal resulting from the capitalization of interests to the Navistar loan and interest owed on loans and notes from investors.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Summary of Cash Flows

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Our cash flows from operating activities are affected by our cash investments to support the business in research and development, manufacturing, selling, general and administration. Our operating cash flows are also affected by our working capital needs to support fluctuations in inventory, personnel expenses, accounts payable and other current assets and liabilities.

During the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, cash used in operating activities was $8.2 million and $4.5 million. The decrease in operating cash flows in 2015 as compared to 2014 was due to an increase in operating activities related to the design and manufacturing of new customer orders and testing of new product designs and higher operating expenses in R&D and SG&A.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash flow from investing activities primarily relates to capital expenditures to support our future growth in operations.

We spent $65 thousand in new equipment during the year ended December 31, 2015.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, net cash provided by financing activities was $15.5 million and $4.9 million. Cash flows from financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2015 consisted primarily of $12.2 million from proceeds from notes payable, and $3.2 million of issuance of common stock. In 2014 we had $4.3 million from issuance of common stock, offset by $326 thousand payment of long-term debt and 285 thousand of capitalization of shareholder advances.

Credit Facility

Presently we have no revolving Credit Facility established. There is no guarantee that we will be able to enter into an agreement to establish a line of credit or that if we do enter into such agreement that it will be on favorable terms.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company does not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on the Company's financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.

Federal Tax Credit Qualification by the IRS

The Company has been qualified by the IRS for a vehicle federal tax credit of up to $7,500. The Company joins a list of plug-in electric drive motor vehicle manufacturers, including Ford Motor Company, General Motors Corporation, Tesla, Toyota, and 13 EV manufacturers in all, qualifying purchasers for up to a $7,500 tax credit when purchasing an electric vehicle.

Additionally, many states offer additional sales tax exemptions and zero emission tax credits of up to $5,000 that can also be applied to the purchase.

California Air Resources Board Approval

On February 20, 2013 the California Air Resource Board (CARB) approved the medium to heavy duty the Company’s commercial truck for sale in the state of California. Most other states use this approval for sale of vehicles in their state.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The following accounting principles and practices of the Company are set forth to facilitate the understanding of data presented in the consolidated financial statements:

Nature of operations

Workhorse is a technology company that is focused on last mile delivery systems. The Company designs, develops, manufactures and sells cost effective high-performance electric medium duty trucks and unmanned aerial delivery systems that are fully integrated with our electric vehicles as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM). Workhorse’s vehicles, engineering expertise, and business model differentiates us from other truck and drone manufacturers.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts and disclosures. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Property and depreciation

Property and equipment is recorded at cost. Depreciation is provided on the straight-line and accelerated methods over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets.

Income taxes

With the consent of its shareholders, at the date of inception, the Company elected under the Internal Revenue Code to be taxed as an S corporation. Since shareholders of an S corporation are taxed on their proportionate share of the Company’s taxable income, an S corporation is generally not subject to either federal or state income taxes at the corporate level. On December 28, 2009 pursuant to the merger transaction the company revoked its election to be taxed as an S-corporation.

As no taxable income has occurred from the date of this merger to December 31, 2015 cumulative deferred tax assets of approximately $11.6 million are fully reserved, and no provision or liability for federal or state income taxes has been included in the financial statements.  Carryover amounts are:

Research and development costs

Research and development costs are expensed as they are incurred. Research and development expense incurred was approximately $4.7 million and $3.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively consisting of consulting, payroll and payroll taxes, engineering temporaries, purchased supplies, legal fees, parts and small tools.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to include disclosure under this item.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Workhorse Group Inc.

Cincinnati, Ohio

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Workhorse Group Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ deficit, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2015. Workhorse Group Inc.’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. The company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall consolidated financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Workhorse Group Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern. As described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has not had significant sales and has negative working capital as well as stockholders’ deficits, which raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plan in regard to this matter is also discussed in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of these uncertainties. Our opinion is not modified with respect to that matter.

Cincinnati, Ohio

March 25, 2016

1 east fourth street, suite 1200

cincinnati, ohio 45202

www.cshco.com

p. 513.241.3111

f. 513.241.1212 

cincinnati | columbus | cleveland | miami valley | springfield | toledo

Workhorse Group, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

December 31, 2015 and 2014

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Workhorse Group, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

Workhorse Group, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Workhorse Group, Inc. 

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014

During 2015, $524,298 in accounts payable were satisfied through the issuance of common stock

During 2015, $1,243,000 in Notes Payable and $34,249 in accrued interests were satisfied through the issuance of common stock.

During 2015, $77,436 in wages payable were converted to options to purchase common stock.

During 2015, $2,271,637 in fees and commissions related to the completion of a private placement memorandum were recorded as deferred costs.

During 2015, $268,185 in interest payable were added to principal owed on notes payable and long term debt.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Workhorse Group Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following accounting principles and practices are set forth to facilitate the understanding of data presented in the financial statements:

Nature of operations and principles of consolidation

Workhorse Group Inc. (Workhorse, the Company, we, us or our) designs, develops, manufactures, and sells high-performance, medium-duty trucks with advanced powertrain components under the Workhorse chassis brand.

Workhorse, formerly known as Title Starts Online, Inc. and AMP Holding Inc., was incorporated in the State of Nevada in 2007 with $3,100 of capital from the issuance of common shares to the founding shareholder. On August 11, 2008 the Company received a Notice of Effectiveness from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and on September 18, 2008, the Company closed a public offering in which it accepted subscriptions for an aggregate of 200,000 shares of its common stock, raising $50,000 less offering costs of $46,234. With this limited capital the Company did not commence operations and remained a “shell company” (as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended).

On December 28, 2009, the Company entered into and closed a Share Exchange Agreement with the Shareholders of Advanced Mechanical Products, Inc. (n/k/a AMP Electric Vehicles, Inc.) (AMP) pursuant to which the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding securities of AMP in exchange for 14,890,904 shares of the Company’s common stock. Considering that, following the merger, the AMP Shareholders control the majority of the outstanding voting common stock of the Company, and effectively succeeded the Company’s otherwise minimal operations to those that are AMP.  AMP is considered the accounting acquirer in this reverse-merger transaction.  A reverse-merger transaction is considered and accounted for as a capital transaction in substance; it is equivalent to the issuance of AMP securities for net monetary assets of the Company, which are deminimus, accompanied by a recapitalization. Accordingly, goodwill or other intangible assets have not been recognized in connection with this reverse merger transaction.  AMP is the surviving entity and the historical financials following the reverse merger transaction will be those of AMP.  The Company was a shell company immediately prior to the acquisition of AMP pursuant to the terms of the Share Exchange Agreement.  As a result of such acquisition, the Company operations are now focused on the design, marketing and sale of vehicles with an all-electric power train and battery systems.  Consequently, we believe that acquisition has caused the Company to cease to be a shell company as it now has operations.  The Company formally changed its name to AMP Holding Inc. on May 24, 2010.

Since the acquisition, the Company has devoted the majority of its resources to the development of an all-electric drive system capable of moving heavy large vehicles ranging from full size SUV’s up to and including Medium Duty Commercial trucks.  Additionally, in February 2013, the Company formed a new wholly owned subsidiary, AMP Trucks Inc., an Indiana corporation. On March 13, 2013 AMP Trucks Inc. closed on the acquisition of an asset purchase of Workhorse Custom Chassis, LLC.  The assets included in this transaction included:  the Workhorse brand, access to the dealer network of 440 dealers nationwide, intellectual property, and all physical assets which included the approximately 250,000 sq. ft. of facilities on 48 acres of land in Union City, Indiana.  This acquisition allows the Company to position itself as a medium duty OEM capable of producing new chassis with electric, propane, compressed natural gas, and hybrid configurations, as well as gasoline drive systems.  Revenues since the inception of the Company, February 20, 2007, through the date of these financial statements have not been significant and consist of customer vehicle conversions and sales of experimental vehicles.

On April 16, 2015 the Company filed Articles of Merger with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada to change the name from “AMP Holding Inc.” to “Workhorse Group Inc.”. The Company believed that this change will allow investors, customers and suppliers to better associate the Company with the Workhorse brand, which is well known in the market.

Basis of presentation

The financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities in the normal course of business.  However, the Company has limited revenues and has negative working capital and stockholders’ deficits.  These conditions raise substantial doubt about the ability of the Company to continue as a going concern.

In view of these matters, continuation as a going concern is dependent upon the continued operations of the Company, which, in turn, is dependent upon the Company's ability to meet its financial requirements, raise additional capital, and successfully carry out its future operations.  The financial statements do not include any adjustments to the amount and classification of assets and liabilities that may be necessary, should the Company not continue as a going concern.

The Company has continued to raise capital.  Management believes the proceeds from these offerings, future offerings, and the Company’s anticipated revenue, provides an opportunity to continue as a going concern.  If additional funding is required, the Company plans to obtain working capital from either debt or equity financing from the sale of common, preferred stock, and/or convertible debentures. Obtaining such working capital is not assured.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes.  Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Certain reclassifications were made to the prior year financial statements to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on previously reported results of operation or stockholders’ deficit.

Financial instruments

The carrying amounts of financial instruments including cash, inventory, accounts payable and short-term debt approximate fair value because of the relatively short maturity of these instruments.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or market.

Property and depreciation

Property and equipment is recorded at cost.  Major renewals and improvements are capitalized while replacements, maintenance and repairs, which do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets, are expensed.  When property and equipment is retired or otherwise disposed of, a gain or loss is realized for the difference between the net book value of the asset and the proceeds realized thereon.  Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method, based upon the following estimated useful lives:

Buildings:  15 - 30 years

Leasehold improvements:  7 years

Software:  3 - 6 years

Equipment:  5 years

Vehicles and prototypes:  3 - 5 years

Common stock

On April 22, 2010, the directors of the Company approved a forward stock split of the common stock of the Company on a 14:1 basis.  On May 12, 2010, the stockholders of the Company voted to approve the amendment of the certificate of incorporation resulting in a decrease of the number of shares of common stock.   Management filed the certificate of amendment decreasing the authorized shares of common stock with the State of Nevada on September 8, 2010. On February 11, 2015, the Company filed a certificate of amendment to its articles of incorporation to increase the authorized shares of common stock to 50,000,000.

On December 9, 2015, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Certificate of Incorporation to implement a one-for-ten reverse split of the Corporation’s issued and outstanding common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”), as authorized by the stockholders of the Company. The Reverse Stock Split became effective at the open of trading on December 11, 2015 (the “Effective Date”). As of the Effective Date, every ten shares of issued and outstanding common stock were combined into one newly issued share of common stock. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. Total cash payments made by the Company to stockholders in lieu of fractional shares was not material.

All references in the financial statements and MD&A to number of common shares, price per share and weighted average shares of common stock have been adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split on a retroactive basis for all prior periods presented, unless otherwise noted, including reclassifying an amount equal to the reduction in par value of common stock to additional paid in capital.

The capital stock of the Company is as follows:

Preferred Stock - The Company has authorized 75,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $.001 per share. These shares may be issued in series with such rights and preferences as may be determined by the Board of Directors. There are no shares of preferred stock outstanding.

Common Stock - The Company has authorized 50,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $0.001 per share. 

Revenue recognition / customer deposits

It is the Company's policy that revenues will be recognized in accordance with SEC Staff Bulletin (SAB) No. 104, "Revenue Recognition".  Under SAB 104, product revenues (or service revenues) are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred (or service has been performed), the sales price is fixed and determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured.

Income taxes

With the consent of its shareholders, at the date of inception, the Company elected under the Internal Revenue Code to be taxed as an S corporation.  Since shareholders of an S corporation are taxed on their proportionate share of the Company’s taxable income, an S corporation is generally not subject to either federal or state income taxes at the corporate level.  On December 28, 2009 pursuant to the merger transaction the Company revoked its election to be taxed as an S-corporation.

As no taxable income has occurred from the date of this merger to December 31, 2015 cumulative deferred tax assets of approximately $11.6 million are fully reserved, and no provision or liability for federal or state income taxes has been included in the financial statements.  Carryover amount are:

Research and development costs

The Company expenses research and development costs as they are incurred. Research and Development costs were approximately $4.7 million and $3.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 respectively, consisting primarily of personnel costs for our teams in engineering and research, prototyping expense, and contract and professional services.  Union City plant expenses prior to the start of production are also included in research and development expenses. 

Basic and diluted loss per share

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common shareholders (numerator) by the weighted average number of shares outstanding (denominator) during the period.  For all periods, all of the Company’s common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per common share because they were anti-dilutive, due to the Company’s net losses.

Stock based compensation

The Company accounts for its stock based compensation in accordance with “Share-Based Payments” (codified in FASB ASC Topic 718 and 505).  The Company recognizes in its statement of operations the grant-date fair value of stock options and warrants issued to employees and non-employees.  The fair value is estimated on the date of grant using a lattice-based valuation model that uses assumptions concerning expected volatility, expected term, and the expected risk-free rate of return.  For the awards granted, the expected volatility was estimated by management as 50% based on a range of forecasted results.  The expected term of the awards granted was assumed to be the contract life of the option or warrant (one, two, three, five or ten years as determined in the specific arrangement).  The risk-free rate of return was based on market yields in effect on the date of each grant for United States Treasury debt securities with a maturity equal to the expected term of the award.

Related party transactions

Certain stockholders and stockholder family members have advanced funds or performed services for the Company.  These services are believed to be at market rates for similar services from non-related parties.  Related party accounts payable are segregated in the balance sheet.

Subsequent events

The Company evaluates events and transactions occurring subsequent to the date of the consolidated financial statements for matters requiring recognition or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements. The accompanying consolidated financial statements consider events through March 25, 2016, the date on which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued.

As of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, our property, plant and equipment, net, consisted of the following:

Long-term debt consists of the following:

The note payable to the City of Loveland contains job creation incentives whereby each annual payment may be forgiven by the City upon the Company meeting minimum job creation benchmarks.  This loan agreement amended the incentives to 30 full time employees within the City of Loveland with payroll totaling $135,000 by October 31, 2013 and 40 employees with payroll totaling $175,000 by July 31, 2014, continuing with an average of 40 employees with payroll totaling $175,000 thereafter.  The proceeds from this loan were to be used for qualified disbursements only, and the Company has been notified it did not meet the requirements for qualified disbursements and for forgiveness of the 2012 principal and interest payment, which is past due.  In 2013 the Company made payments to an escrow account totaling $22,900.

The Company entered into Subscription Agreements with five accredited investors (the “December 2014 Investors”) between November 24, 2014 and December 29, 2014 providing for the sale by the Company to the December 2014 Investors of 14% Unsecured Convertible Promissory Notes in the aggregate amount of $1,243,000 (the "December 2014 Notes"). In addition to the December 2014 Notes, the December 2014 Investors also received common stock purchase warrants (the “December 2014 Warrants”) to acquire 443,929 shares of common stock of the Company. The December 2014 Warrants are exercisable for five years at an exercise price of $1.40. The initial closing of $200,000 was on November 24, 2014, the second closing of $700,000 was on December 8, 2014 and the third closing of $343,000 was on December 30, 2014.  

As of December 31, 2015, the Company had deposits for $111,700 that were not yet issued as common stock. 

On October 1, 2011 the Company began leasing operating facilities under an agreement expiring on September 30, 2018.  Future minimum monthly lease payments under the agreement are currently $12,598 and increase 3% in October of each year.  Prepaid expenses and deposits include a security deposit equal to $12,275.  Aggregate maturities of lease obligations are as follows:

Total rent expense under these operating type leases for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $157 thousand and $152 thousand respectively.

Options to directors, officers and employees

The Company maintains, as adopted by the board of directors, the 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the 2014 Stock Compensation Plan, 2013 Incentive Stock Plan, the 2012 Incentive Stock Plan, the 2011 Incentive Stock Plan and the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (the plans) providing for the issuance of up to 1,100,000 options to employees, officers, directors or consultants of the Company.  Incentive stock options granted under the plans may only be granted with an exercise price of not less than fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant (110% of fair market value for incentive stock options granted to principal stockholders).  Non-qualified stock options granted under the plans may only be granted with an exercise price of not less than 85% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant.  Awards under the plans may be either vested or unvested options.  The unvested options vest ratably over two years for options with a five or three-year term and after one year for options with a two-year term.

In addition to the plans, the Company has granted, on various dates, stock options to directors, officers and employees to purchase common stock of the Company.  The terms, exercise prices and vesting of these awards vary. 

The following table summarizes option activity for directors, officers and employees: 

The Company recorded $298,044 and $171,665 compensation expense for stock options to directors, officers and employees for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 respectively.  As of December 31, 2015, unrecognized compensation expense of $1,435,603 is related to non-vested options granted to directors, officers and employees which is anticipated to be recognized over the next 49 months, commensurate with the vesting schedules.

Options to consultants

The Company has also granted, on various dates, stock options to purchase common stock of the Company to consultants for services previously provided to the Company.  The terms, exercise prices and vesting of these awards vary. 

The following table summarizes option activity for consultants:

The Company recorded $71,530 and $154,199 compensation expense for stock options to consultants for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, unrecognized compensation expense of $173,722 is related to non-vested options granted to consultants which is anticipated to be recognized over the next 49 months, commensurate with the vesting schedules. 

Warrants to placement agent and consultants

Through December 2011, the Company compensated the placement agent for assisting in the sale of the Company’s securities by paying the placement agent commissions and issuing the placement agent common stock purchase warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock.  The warrants have a five-year term and various exercise prices.

The Company has also granted, on various dates, stock warrants to purchase common stock of the Company to consultants for services previously provided to the Company.  The terms, exercise prices and vesting of these awards vary.

The following table summarizes warrant activity for the placement agent and consultants: